Picture the fluid flowing through the channel. Under calm conditions, the flow is laminar - strata the fluid move around each regularly. However, if the speed is highly fast or the channel is not perfectly formed, this orderly arrangement disintegrates, and chaos. Turbulence is the unpredictable

Thomson's Plum Pudding model, while groundbreaking for its time, faced several criticisms as scientists acquired a deeper understanding of atomic structure. One major limitation was its inability to describe the results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment. The model assumed that alpha particles